From superyachts and mansions to private jets and works of art, mega-rich Russians are being deprived of their expensive playthings, under swingeing sanctions that implicate them in Vladimir Putin's war in Ukraine.
The seizing and freezing of assets is proving the toughest trial yet for the Kremlin-favored "oligarchs," many of whom got rich on the back of the collapse of the Soviet Union.
In Britain, more than 100 oligarchs and their families have been slapped with restrictions. The United States has sanctioned 140 and the European Union more than 30.
U.K. Transport Secretary Grant Shapps has said the move was designed to hit them where it hurts — denying them "access to their luxury toys."
The British capital has for years been dubbed "Londongrad" after becoming a haven for Russians to keep their money, educate their children and pursue litigation.
"The welcome mat is now being taken away from Russian oligarchs," The Economist wrote.
Even the high-profile Roman Abramovich has been targeted, forcing him to put Chelsea Football Club, which he bought in 2003, up for sale.
But acting against so many in a highly globalized major economy is "totally uncharted territory," said researcher Alex Nice, from the Institute for Government think-tank.
Whenever the war ends, a deep rift between the West and Russia will remain, even if the assets are just frozen, rather than expropriated, he added.
"There doesn't seem to be any prospect that these sanctions will be lifted any time soon," said Nice.
In Moscow, the independent Russian political analyst Konstantin Kalachev said Putin's "special operation" in Ukraine could last "for years" — and even be widened to fulfil his dream of recreating the Russian empire.
If the decision is down to Ukraine, "they will never lift them (sanctions)," he told AFP.
Avalanche
There's no question that the sanctions have hit home.
Forbes magazine last month removed 34 Russians from its annual billionaire list citing the "avalanche of sanctions."
"The war is an absolute disaster for them," said Elisabeth Schimpfoessl, a lecturer in sociology at Aston University in Birmingham, central England, and author of a book called "Rich Russians."
Petr Aven, known for his extensive collection of Russian art, told The Financial Times newspaper he was unsure if he was "allowed to have a cleaner or a driver" and faced expulsion from the U.K.
His long-term business partner, Mikhail Fridman, told Bloomberg news agency he was "in shock" and also struggling to pay a cleaner.
Many oligarchs have multiple citizenships and are not rushing back to Russia.
The West has been a "base that they can go to at any moment when they fear prosecution in Russia," said Schimpfoessl.
"Oligarchs never bothered developing Russia's rule of law."
Soap opera
The scale of assets targeted is staggering.
The U.K. government estimates that Abramovich alone is worth over £9 billion ($11 billion, 10.5 billion euros).
It has also targeted two of his associates worth up to £10 billion.
Abramovich is rumored to own half a dozen luxury superyachts, two of which docked in Turkey in March, thereby avoiding sanctions.
EU members have reported freezing nearly $30 billion in Russian assets, including almost $7 billion in yachts, helicopters, property and works of art.
Washington has said it has sanctioned or blocked boats and aircraft worth over $1 billion.
U.S. President Joe Biden has proposed permanent sanctions, saying oligarchs should not be allowed to enjoy luxuries while Ukrainian children die.
In Fiji last week, police seized a 348-foot (106-meter) yacht called "Amadea" worth some $300 million and linked to Suleiman Kerimov, a reticent billionaire senator, on Washington's request.
Images of impounded yachts and shuttered mansions of Putin cronies prompt Schadenfreude in Russia, too.
"Ordinary Russians like to see 'the rich also cry'," said Kalachev, citing a Mexican soap opera Russians watched in the early 1990s.
What is not clear is whether sanctions affect Moscow's decisions.
They cannot influence Putin, because he meets such business figures "only to tell them things — it's not a dialogue," argued Kalachev.
"The record of using economic coercion to try to force change in foreign policy is not a good one," said Nice.
But sanctions "are undoubtedly going to weaken Russia's capacity to fight," he added.
Opposition
Abramovich has been involved in talks aimed at ending the war, with consent of both sides. Other oligarchs have criticized the conflict.
On Instagram the U.K.-sanctioned entrepreneur and banker Oleg Tinkov slammed "this crazy war" and Russia's "s****y army."
Fridman urged an end to the bloodshed and Oleg Deripaska, sanctioned by the U.K., the EU and the U.S., said continuing fighting was "madness."
But experts questioned the likelihood of them allying against Putin.
"It's hard to see that happening," said Nice.
"It would not be in their interests ever to speak out against Putin prematurely," said Schimpfoessl.
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